Is The International English Language Testing System...

In the past,large organizations have implemented language assessments aimed to assess learners ability in the use of language in higher education.These high stake tests plays a vital role when decisions made on individual performance and its outcome is considered as a diagnosis of the learners ability.Among these performance, the International English Language Testing System ( IELTS) writing score is considered by most universities a benchmark against learners success in higher education.This has increase the concern of non-native raters reliability and their consistency in rating scores in countries these tests are adopted. Although these non-native raters are qualified raters, it is undeniable that comparing to native raters the†¦show more content†¦Scholars perception of the rating process in writing assessments In terms of rating process in writing assessments, pioneer studies in the field has construct distinct themes of raters position in the rating process.The process was earlier addressed as ‘decision-making process’ which evokes the raters cognitive thoughts,commonly effected by memory constraints, to retrieve related information.(Cumming,1990;Lumley,2002;Baker ,2012) Raters of this process perform by comparing similar constructions in written essays to rating scales.Retention of the retrieved information are eventually affected by individual experiences and background. The psychological process relies on the integration of former information that finally develop into a final score. Since the final product of each rating process is a holistic score that has different interpretations according the scale used in the rating process, the notion that such score may ignore to describe the learner qualifications were raised.Weigle (2002) was able to show that raters often rate holistically when using an analytic rating scale and adjust their scores to match the analytic criteria. Alderson (2005) also suggests that diagnostic tests should focus on specific abilities rather than global abilities.According to these reasons, other reseachers believe that rating is merely an interaction between the rater and three certain things that is the essay, the task and the scaleShow MoreRelatedThe International English Language Testing System1782 Words   |  8 PagesThe International English Language Testing System (IELTS) is an international standardised test for non-native English language speakers, which assesses English proficiency. This testing system was created in 1980 by the University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations and the British Council and has been picked up, revised and redeveloped into an international assessment by many countries including Australia. For those who want to enroll in universities or work as professionals in an English-speaking coun tryRead MoreBridgeTEFL Assignment Essay2372 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Placement Tests Proficiency Tests Imagine that you are responsible for admitting students to an English language school. Design a simple interview based on 20 personal questions for the student about his job, family, school or country. Begin with simple grammar and vocabulary and develop more complexity by the conclusion. This is to follow the school ´s placement test to confirm its results. 1. Placement Tests Proficiency Tests   I. I would start by asking the student to answer in full sentencesRead MoreCross-Cultural Assessment of Psychological Assessment Measures7333 Words   |  30 Pagesbattle or to select participants for work programmes. Non scientific assessments, such as physiognomy, humorology, phrenology and graphology were used to describe human behaviour. When subjected to rigorous scientific measures, they could not provide reliable and verifiable results. They did, however, pave the way for the development of modern psychological assessments. The reason for reservations with regard to the value of psychological measures in a multicultural context is a matter that has beenRead MorePsychological Assessment4771 Words   |  20 PagesPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 4 1.2. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND RELATED TERMS 4 1.2.1. Measurement and Assessment 4 1.2.2. Evaluation and Assessment 4 1.2.3. Psychometrics and Assessment 5 1.2.4. Testing and Assessment 5 1.2.5. Psychometric Testing and Assessment 5 1.3. THE USE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 5 1.4. THE VALUE OF PSYCHOLIGICAL ASSESSMENT IN INDUSTRY 5 2. FAIRNESS AND BIAS IN SOUTH AFRICAN CONTEXT 6 2.1. THE CONCEPT OF FAIRNESS AND BIAS 6 2.2Read More Standardized Tests Do Not Measure Student Achievement Essay example1782 Words   |  8 Pages Standardized testing has been around since the mid 1800’s. Even though testing has been around for a long time it is still debated whether or not it should precisely â€Å"score† students. Students have been subjected to standardized tests frequently through their years in school due to laws which have been passed by Congress. Decisions about the evaluation of schools and students are recurrently made by government authority and are often not in the best interest of teachers, students, or theirRead MoreEFFECTIVENESS OF CLOZE – TEST AS INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENT IN READING COMPREHENSION AT LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY SAN PABLO CITY CAMPUS ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-20138563 Words   |  35 PagesFaculty of the College of Teacher Education Laguna State Polytechnic University San Pablo City Campus San Pablo City In Partial of Fulfillment Of the Requirements in Methods of Research for the Degree Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in English CARIE JUSTINE P. ESTRELLADO MARILYN ATIENZA MENDOZA October 2012 Republic of the Philippines LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY San Pablo City Campus San Pablo City COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION Approval Sheet The Thesis entitled, â€Å"EFFECTIVENESSRead MoreDesigned to measure the math, reading and writing skills necessary to predict college success, The1800 Words   |  8 Pagescollege readiness while giving all students an equal opportunity for success. Since then, the title of the test was changed again to no longer stand for Student Aptitude Test due to the multifaceted purpose of the test. Published by the Educational Testing Service, the current title of the test, â€Å"SAT†, is just an acronym that no longer stands for anything. Still, the SAT has been constantly developing to best assess student scholarly performance (â€Å"History of the Tests†, 2014). Since 1926, the CollegeRead MoreThesis About English Proficiency Among Bshrm Students10781 Words   |  44 PagesLevel of English Proficiency and Communication Skills among BSHRM CSTA Students: an Assessment A Thesis Proposal Presented to the Faculty of the Colegio De Sta. Teresa De Avila Foundation Inc. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of Degree Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management By: Wendell Galapate Mau Bryan Calimlim Alvin Pancito Robert Charles Magno Rodrigo Tinaja Jr. Heizel Bisnan Lea Sojor Jenelyn Soriano Aisha Valencia Clarisse Hipolito Ian VictoRead MoreA Close Look At The Assessment Cycle4002 Words   |  17 Pagesestablished and acceptable standards. Another concern is comparability between different subjects, for e.g. mathematics and physics or physics and English. The structure of assessment is significantly different between some of these subjects; mathematics and science have similar assessment components, with slightly different weightings but the assessment of English is significantly different to these (see section 4). The students who are on the CFS are overseas students who pay stupendously high tuitionRead MorePsychological Assessment5471 Words   |  22 Pageswork with children (Tutorial Letter 101 Psychological Assessment, 2013). The assessment of these young children therefore requires full investigation into the childs background, knowledge of testing limitations and other factors that may affect a childs performance, including cultural differences and language barriers. The below discussion on psychological assessment of young children addresses the purpose for assessing young children and the factors that needs to be taken into consideration during

Essay on The Effects Of Television On Society - 778 Words

The Effects Of Television On Society There is probably no greater influence on society than the television. It has become arguably the greatest invention of the past century. With it, we have witnessed countless historical events: Inaugurations of presidents; man’s first steps on the moon; the assignation of John F. Kennedy; even disasters as they happen. Americans watch TV in the morning to receive the daily news. They eat watching it. They watch it before they go to bed. But as television has saturated our lives, has it always resulted toward our betterment or has it possibly led to the deprivation of American society? Although there are many benefits of television, American society has most assuredly been adversely affected by†¦show more content†¦Many attribute Kennedy’s victory in the close election of 1960 to the presentation he made in two televised debates in the closing months of the campaign. The media has an agnate ability to control the ideas of American politics and rewrite history without too many people even noticing. Most Americans hold dear the precious first amendment right of free speech. But with freedom, there must also be responsibility. Societies that do not offer freedom in the media often have the lowest crime rates of the world. Why is this? Television has softened the moral values and ideals of its viewers. It has the power to preach into our subconscious what its advertisers want you to believe. That is why billions of dollars are spent on advertising. Why? Because it works! Continued saturation by shows that softly depict murder, crime and abuse, sometimes soften our moral stances on important issues. From the stances we take on ecological issues to our religious beliefs, television has the power to effect our own values. This is most notable in children. It has social and economic consequences on families. They watch a show on television, and they begin to want to wear clothes that have the insignia of their favorite character. They begin to act like their favorite character. They even respond to their friends and parents in much the same way their favorite character would. This has led to children even acting out the violent scenes they have viewed on television in theirShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Television On S ociety s Society1583 Words   |  7 PagesMedia is a very powerful source in today’s society, especially, television. Through technological advancements, television has given people the ability to access almost any program at their fingertips. Shows like Dance Moms, So You Think You Can Dance, and Dancing with the Stars acquire exponential ratings and leave quite the impact on their viewers. As such, viewers around the globe, both young and old, are inspired to dance and keep dancing. Dance is an expressive art form, which allows peopleRead MoreThe Effects Of Television On Our Society2061 Words   |  9 PagesEveryone’s heard of Autism or Down Syndrome, possibly even Huntington’s Disease, but there are many different kinds of genetic disorders that most people have never heard of or have only seen on television. Ectrodactyly is a rare disorder most people wouldn’t know of, however if you’ve watched Ryan Murphy’s popular American Horror Story: Freak Show, you’ve seen it. It was formerly known as ‘lobster claw hand,’ and in Freak Show, Jimmy Darling, portrayed by Evan Peters, has this disorder and is knownRead MoreThe Invention of Television and Its Effects on Society1476 Words   |  6 Pagestodays society live a daily life that a basic person could map out. They go to work, come home and make dinner, and sit down and watch some television. For kids it would be to come home from school, and watch television. Television has become a major power in our culture. It is our way to watch the news, hear the weather forecast, and to sit down and relax watching our favorite show or movie. But is the television really that good for our society? In 1884 the first ideas of the television came toRead MoreTelevision News And Its Effects On Society1375 Words   |  6 Pageslike to be informed of the vast social, political and economical events of the world they naturally turn to television news outlets or their favorite internet news source. We humans as seekers of knowledge and truth, would like to think the objective of news media first and foremost is a matter of keeping individuals properly informed. This may very well not be the case. Popular television news, as most of the population can agree, has become a polarizing, dramatic and opinionated trainwreck. WithRead MoreThe Effects Of Television On Our Society881 Words   |  4 Pagesshe ordered after watching its advert on television. I looked at her with a contemptuous smile, and said â€Å"You Wish†. She started explaining to me how in the advert her favorite singer lost 25 lbs. in just two weeks by using this overpriced herbal formula. After two weeks, I visite d her to see the awaited wonder, but I realized that she is one of the victims of lured advertisements, which are now part of our everyday life. We see advertisements on the television showing new glamorous lifestyles, hearRead MoreThe Effects Of Television On Today s Society1550 Words   |  7 PagesTelevision has greatly evolved since the 1950s, and has become a part of most American households over the years. Today’s society has turned to television for a variety of purposes including; entertainment, intellectual growth, and as a way to stay updated with what is going on in our society. While these seem like all positive aspects that have come with the progression of television, there are also negative components that have a direct affect on today’s society. Therefore this paper will discussRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Our Society1566 Words   |  7 Pageson violence in the media and does it affect our society. How we view television, has chang ed the world, no doubt in that. Turn your television set on and pick a channel at random; the odds are that half of the programs you come across will contain violent material. The statistics are overwhelming as I look on the internet, read articles, and look at the research. One of the things that most interests me in the violence on television, is the effects it has on children. Children learn by repetitionRead MoreEssay about The Effects of Television on Society885 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Television on Society The question whether or not television has had a decisive influence on everyday life and has helped change society, has been questioned by sociologists and psychologists for many years now. â€Å"T.V. determines what people think and what they do and thus controls them psychologically and socially. It can make people think things they would not otherwise think, and do things they would not otherwise do.â€Å"(Srinati, 2000: 179) Read MoreThe Real Effects of Reality Television on Society1929 Words   |  8 PagesThe real effects of  reality television on society. Reality television is popular all over the world. The influence reality television has on society is significant, especially its influence on the youth generation since television is a widely accessible form of mass culture. Psychologist Randall Flanery, PhD, director of the Eating Disorders Program at the Saint Louis University School of Medicine tells Webmd.com (2003) that he is especially concerned about its teenage viewers, whoRead More Effects of Television on Our Society Essays6952 Words   |  28 PagesEffects of Television on Our Society INTRODUCTION Plato once, prophetically, posed a question that hints at the very core of this project. In philosophizing on the issue of entertainment and its various, sometimes questionable, sources he asked his fellow citizens to consider the following â€Å"Shall we just carelessly allow our children to hear casual tales which may be devised by casual persons, and to receive into their minds ideas for the most part the very opposite of those which we

An Intro To Psychology Architecture Essay Free Essays

The term Hypnosis comes from the Grecian ‘ypnos ‘ which means sleep because of the Trance State. However Hypnosis is non sleep because the topic stays qui vive, can speak and travel, and the encephalon moving ridges differ ( What is Hypnosis, n.d. We will write a custom essay sample on An Intro To Psychology Architecture Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) . In modern yearss Hypnosis has been used for a figure of grounds. Some people try to halt smoke, loose weight, drug dependence and alcohol addiction Bi Polar upset, ADHD, and schizophrenic disorder, and stress management.A As you can see Hypnosis can and is being used in all sorts of signifiers. For several decennaries, or even centuries, hypnosis was more seen as a circus or charming act. Because of this it has taken for a while to convert the populace that it besides has its practical utilizations. As to the history of hypnosis, the usage of it can be dated back all the manner to the early ages of civilisation. In ancient times, worlds used it for mending intents, particularly in spiritual ceremonials. For illustration, an Indian priest-doctors entered into a procedure of strong visual image and suggestion during which he willed to mend the ill individual. The first modern type of hypnosis started with carnal hypnosis. In 1600-s husbandmans calmed poulets hypnotically by utilizing different methods. In 1800-s people hypnotized birds, coneies, toads and other animate beings. B. Danilewsky experimented with carnal hypnosis and studied its physiological workings in animate beings ( Hypnosis Black Secrets, n.d. ) . The first individual to look into this portion of psychological science was Franz Anton Mesmer ( 1734-1815 ) , an Austrian doctor, who is widely acknowledged as the ‘Father of Hypnosis ‘ . Franz believed that there was a quasi-magnetic fluid in the really air that we breathe and that the organic structure ‘s ‘ nervousnesss someway absorbed this fluid. He cured most of his patients by using magnets to different parts of the organic structure to alter the magnetic flows of the organic structure ( Mark, R. 2002 ) . He was the sire of all major scientists who studied Hypnosis after him, for illustration Marquis de Puysegur and Dr. John Elliotson. Now that we know a small spot about how Hypnosis started, allow ‘s happen out what hypnosis is? Harmonizing to the Encyclopedia Britannica: â€Å" Hypnosis is a particular psychological province with certain physiological properties, resembling slumber merely superficially and marked by a operation of the person at a degree of consciousness other than the ordinary witting province. This province is characterized by a grade of increased receptivity and reactivity in which interior experiential perceptual experiences are given as much significance as is by and large given merely to external world ( Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. ) . This brings us to the following inquiry, what is hypnosis used for? A better inquiry would really be what ca n’t Hypnosis be used for? A Hypnosis, today, is being used for multiple jobs. Some of the more common 1s would be people who try to halt smoke, others who would wish to lose weight and have tried everything else and it did n’t work. Some us hypnosis to cover with emphasis related jobs. These would be the more normally know countries hypnosis is used for. Other less known countries hypnosis can be used for would be in assisting epilepsy patients and patients with palsy, Multiple induration, AIDS and malignant neoplastic disease. Hypnosis can in some of these instances help to better the quality of life and in some instances assist in easing a remedy. The most of import portion of this side of Hypnosis is to retrieve that merely people with a grade in medical specialty should pattern hypnosis for these sorts of jobs. An exclusion might be that doctors will give you a referral to a hypnotizer, who is really good reversed it what you need him to make. Hypnosis has besides been known Os have been applied for child birth conditioning and of class the benefits are enhanced if they are used in combination with La Maze take a breathing techniques. There are besides experts who utilize hypnosis for drug dependence and alcohol addiction, these experts are familiar with the 12 stairss of AA and Al-anon and hold pattern in the 12 measure plans and cognize how to utilize hypnosis to assist their clients. Other experts employ hypnosis to assist adult females with the symptoms of PMS ( premenstrual emphasis ) and other hormone related wellness upsets. Hypnosis besides has been found to assist people with ADHD and schizophrenic disorder and bi-polar ( Watkins, 2008 ) . Another particular signifier of hypnosis-called wakened hypnosis — is most effectual for covering with anxiousness panic onslaught. Hypnosis – Hypnosis is sometimes used in combination with cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiousness. While you ‘re in a province of deep relaxation, the hypnotherapist uses different curative techniques to assist you confront your frights and expression at them in new ways ( Anxiety Attacks and Disorders, n.d. ) . Last but non least, and likely one of the most known utilizations for hypnosis, is to utilize it for diging into repressed kid goon memories. Clinical hypnosis can be used to get the better of many of the clients mental and wellness jobs by theoretically turn uping the beginning of the job in their childhood. This pattern of hypnosis has come under fire recently, some statements made by people that underwent hypnosis to bring out pent-up kid goon memories were really used for cases against parents, siblings and other household members. After long probes most of these instances nil more than person ‘s purportedly long-repressed memories that all of a sudden surfaced under therapy. After reexamining 60 old ages of research and happening no controlled research lab support for the construct of repression, a good known research worker D.S. Holmes suggested, merely half jestingly, that any usage of the construct be preceded by a warning: â€Å" Warning. The construct of repression h as non been validated with experimental research and its usage may be risky to the accurate reading of clinical behaviour † ( Holmes, 1990 ) Ricker, n.d. ) . Defense judicial proceeding in such instances of hypnosis has raised improperness and incompetence on the portion of the healer or practician utilizing hypnosis and/or implicative techniques to retrieve â€Å" repressed † memories which false lead the client to believe that their current symptoms are due to being sexual abused as a kid ( Hansen, 1996 ) . There have been besides studies of tooth doctor utilizing hypnosis during dental surgery to wipe out the hurting. Another usage of hypnosis is called Self-hypnosis, this happens when you hypnotize yourself. This is frequently more practical as a emphasis direction tool than normal hypnosis, as you do non necessitate to hold a hypnotist nowadays. Self hypnosis works reasonably much the same manner as speculation, it helps you loosen up and deflect your head from unpleasant ideas. Together with speculation and imagination, self hypnosis can be a powerful tool to battle day-to-day emphasis and go a portion of a day-to-day emphasis direction modus operandi ( Self Hypnosis, n.d. ) . In decision, as you can see hypnosis can successfully be used for every conceivable job that can problem worlds. In this essay I touched on merely a few utilizations of Hypnosis, the more common 1s like childhood repressed memories, halt smoke, weight loss and stress direction and some of the lesser known 1s like hurting control and child birth. There are likely many more utilizations for hypnosis to be discovered we have n’t thought of yet. Mentions Anxiety Attacks and Disorders: Signs, symptoms, and intervention. ( n.d. ) .Helpguide.org: Understand, prevent and decide life ‘s challenges. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //helpguide.org/mental/anxiety_types_symptoms_treatment.htm Hansen, J. , A ; R.H.A.. ( 1996 ) . Hypnosis – controversial once more.The Ross Institute Internet Archives for the Study of Destructive Cults, Controversial Groups and Motions. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rickross.com /reference/ false_memories/fsm25.html History of Hypnosis: from antediluvian times to modern hypnosis. ( n.d. ) .Hypnosis and self hypnosis secrets -learn hypnosis online. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hypnosisblacksecrets.com/learn-hypnosis/history-of-hypnosis-from-ancient-times-to-nowadays Ibadov, O. ( n.d. ) . History of Hypnosis: From priest-doctors to instant hypnosis.Self Improvement from SelfGrowth.com. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.selfgrowth.com /articles/ History_of_Hypnosis_From_Shamans_to_Instant_Hypnosis.html Mark, R. ( 2002 ) Hypnosis ( psychological science ) — Britannica Online Encyclopedia. ( n.d. ) .Encyclopedia – Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/279820/hypnosis Ricker, J. , A ; Ph.D.. ( n.d. ) . Section 6-16: What are false memories? .Scottsdale Community College. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scottsdalecc.edu/ricker/psy101/readings/Section_6/6-16.html Self-Hypnosis – Relaxation Techniques from Mind Tools. ( n.d. ) .Mind tools – direction preparation, leading preparation and calling raining – right here, right now.. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mindtools.com/stress/RelaxationTechniques/SelfHypnosis.htm The history of hypnosis.Essortment Articles: Free online articles on wellness, scientific discipline, instruction A ; more... Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.essortment.com/all/hypnosishistory_rcdg.htm Watkins, C. ( 2008 ) . Hypnotherapy.Northern County Psychiatric Associates Home Page. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncpamd.com/medical_hypnosis.htm What Is Hypnosis – Toronto Naturopathic Clinic. ( n.d. ) .Toronto Naturopathic Clinic – Toronto Naturopath Sushma Shah ND ( Yonge A ; Davisville ). Retrieved April 7, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.naturesintentionsnaturopathy.com/hypnosis.htm How to cite An Intro To Psychology Architecture Essay, Essay examples

Cezanne and Pollock Essay Example For Students

Cezanne and Pollock Essay Describing their new techniques/materials practice Innovation in concepts, theories and intentions Explore the significance of their work and the influence they had on other artists support with critical and historical quotes/comments. I want to make of Impressionism something soled and durable, like the art of the museums Paul CÃÆ'Â ©zanne The source of my painting is the unconscious Jackson Pollock Modernism is the revolutionary ideas and styles in art, architecture, and literature that developed in the early 20th century as a reaction to traditional forms. Both CÃÆ'Â ©zanne and Pollock understood that although their art was turning away from traditional forms, art is continuity. Never disregarding the Old Master, CÃÆ'Â ©zanne is said to be the father of modernism and Pollock the man who brought art from Paris to America. These two men, both known as avant-garde artists, one whos aim in life was to paint fruit and avoid people, the other who spent most of his time drunk, two great artists who revolutionised the art world with their use of new material and techniques and with their ideas and theories. CÃÆ'Â ©zanne began as an Impressionist but soon became frustrated, as Impressionist did not generate paintings that were compositionally strong, and so the creator of Modernism set out on a journey to empower objects with three-dimensional solidity. CÃÆ'Â ©zanne wanted to establish an equilibrium between the vivacious colour and solid form of three-dimensional objects and the two-dimensional surface of the picture plane. Post-Impressionism: Cezanne, Nineteenth Century Art, pg 478. Similarly, Pollock was a modernist whose works were most prominent between 1948 and 1952. Pollock set out to explain as well as he could an emotional response to the day-to-day problems that are thrown in out face. Lee Siegal believes Pollock painted as if living and painting were identical. Critical Eye, Lee Siegal, pg 3. Picasso, and the traditional Indian and Mexican ways of working inspired Pollock. Working mainly on the floor, Pollock would drip paint on the un-stretched canvas, sometimes hanging it on the wall to change the direction of the paint. Pollock was an artist who believed in art for arts sake. CÃÆ'Â ©zanne on the other hand was still a realist, while Pollock worked with surrealism and abstract art. CÃÆ'Â ©zanne was a realist he painted what he saw, but did not imitate it. By using many different techniques CÃÆ'Â ©zanne was able to create something so simple that had been seen before but not in the same light as CÃÆ'Â ©zanne painted them. CÃÆ'Â ©zanne used many new techniques and materials to create his works; not only on the canvas but also in the setting he painted. He liked to mix plaster in the cloths he used these in his works so that they could be easily moulded, whichever way he liked. Although Cezanne never disregarded the Old Masters he did defy some old rules of the art tradition that had come about during Renaissance time. CÃÆ'Â ©zanne liked to also sculpt his fruit with pure colours preferring not mix the colours, and then juxtaposing the unmixed colours. As well as this CÃÆ'Â ©zanne is famous for his rebelliousness in regards to the idea of one vantage point. CÃÆ'Â ©zanne did not agree with this he aimed to get as much into the picture as he could. It was this point that was CÃÆ'Â ©zannes most drastic step towards modernism, the collapsing of space. He moved around his subject, painting not only the objects but also the relationship between them. Pollock also moved around his works stating On the floor I am more at ease. I feel nearer, more a part of the painting, since this way I can walk around it, work from all four sides and literally be in the painting. Pollock unlike CÃÆ'Â ©zanne did not prepare a subject to paint but rather began and watched in an almost trance as his masterpiece developed. His paintings are suggestive of the two sides of his personality, wildness and a personality; he extended the function of art to include self- expression and the search for an understanding of self. .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36 , .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36 .postImageUrl , .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36 , .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36:hover , .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36:visited , .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36:active { border:0!important; } .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36:active , .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36 .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u51d5582e5349d29f05e4f55a0cff2d36:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Art History Midterm study guide EssayCÃÆ'Â ©zannes painting technique is also innovative; the lusciously round fruits are constructed of small patches of pigment crowded within dark outlines. Making the fruit look like it could roll of the table. Other innovations include his structural use of colour and brushstroke. Pollock believed in the importance of the brushstroke and quality of the paint rather than the idea of imitating reality. As well as steering away from reality Pollock preferred to steer away from conventional artists tools and work with sticks, trowels, knives, and dripping fluid paint. Pollock did not invent the drip, but the way he used the drip caused his style to become known as action painting. Holding the brush or stick away from the canvas Pollock threw lines in the air, in direction. This grew from his control of gesture. Pollock is also well known for his unconventional paints, using car paint, duco and ordinary house paints. With his innovation techniques and material Pollock was an important force in bringing American art out of its cultural isolation and into a position of world leadership. Pollocks art reflects modern day obsession, he developed the idea of painting as a pure psychological event, eliminating the gap between the subjective world of the artists thinking and feeling and the objective world of paint and canvas. Pollocks theory developed from the Jungian philosophy, which asserts that certain myths and beliefs are repeated in different societies at various times. Jung believed in that psychological fact that the artist had at all times been the instruments and spokesperson of the spirit of the artists age. European and American Artists: Jackson Pollock. CÃÆ'Â ©zanne articulated in art what he was not capable to do in words, on paper or to people. CÃÆ'Â ©zanne wished to create nature with colour, and that the colour allowed to audience to discover, in turn the entire scene. CÃÆ'Â ©zanne inspired many young and new upcoming artists, as did Pollock. Although both believed in not imitating some of their admirers did just that and tried to replicate what was already there. It was here that the followers began to understand the artists. By replicating a picture or style it lost heart, soul and emotion if it had nothing of your own. The reason for CÃÆ'Â ©zanne and Pollock being so popular was just that, their painting had heart, soul and emotion. Because that is where it came from, their works where not just paintings but lives. For CÃÆ'Â ©zanne this was a separate life, a separate reality to the one he was in. CÃÆ'Â ©zanne sought reality in his own paintings while Pollock thought that his reality was his painting. His blood, sweat and life went into his works. And the reality was that this was his life and he thoroughly believed that painting was his life. In conclusion, Paul CÃÆ'Â ©zanne and Jackson Pollock revolutionised the art world of its time and for that we are grateful. It is in thanks of men like this that art is able to move forward and not stay at a standstill. Although both were not social butterflies their works depict what they were not capable of doing or saying in any other way except paint. While Pollock is and was only famous for four years of his work, it is CÃÆ'Â ©zannes still lifes that stand out most for us, he could put so much emotion and feeling into a couple of oranges, a pear, and three apples next to a jug than an actually person.

Freshman Retention Rate and Its Cause

Fresh Meat and Fish in the Middle Ages

Fresh Meat and Fish in the Middle Ages Depending on their status in society and where they lived, medieval people had a variety of meats to enjoy. But thanks to Fridays, Lent, and various days deemed meatless by the Catholic Church, even the wealthiest and most powerful people did not eat meat or poultry every day. Fresh fish was fairly common, not only in coastal regions, but inland, where rivers and streams were still teeming with fish in the Middle Ages, and where most castles and manors included well-stocked fish ponds. Those who could afford spices used them liberally to enhance the flavor of meat and fish. Those who could not afford spices used other flavorings like garlic, onion, vinegar and a variety of herbs grown throughout Europe. The use of spices and their importance has contributed to the misconception that it was common to use them to disguise the taste of rotten meat. However, this was an uncommon practice perpetrated by underhanded butchers and vendors who, if caught, would pay for their crime. Meat in Castles and Manor Homes A large portion of the foodstuffs served to the residents of castles and manor homes came from the land on which they lived. This included wild game from nearby forests and fields, meat and poultry from the livestock they raised in their pastureland and barnyards, and fish from stock ponds as well as from the rivers, streams and seas. Food was used swiftly usually within a few days, and sometimes on the same day and if there were leftovers, they were gathered up as alms for the poor and distributed daily. Occasionally, meat procured ahead of time for large feasts for the nobility would have to last a week or so before being eaten. Such meat was usually large wild game like deer or boar. Domesticated animals could be kept on the hoof until the feast day drew near, and smaller animals could be trapped and kept alive, but big game had to be hunted and butchered as the opportunity arose, sometimes from lands several days travel away from the big event. There was often concern from those overseeing such victuals that the meat might go off before it came time to serve it, and so measures were usually taken to salt the meat to prevent rapid deterioration. Instructions for removing outer layers of meat that had gone bad and making wholesome use of the remainder have come down to us in extant cooking manuals. Be it the most sumptuous of feasts or the more modest daily meal, it was the lord of the castle or manor, or the highest-ranking resident, his family, and his honored guests who would receive the most elaborate dishes and, consequently, the finest portions of meat. The lower the status of the other diners, the further away from the head of the table, and the less impressive their food. This could mean that those of low rank did not partake of the rarest type of meat, or the best cuts of meats, or the most fancily-prepared meats; but they ate meat nonetheless. Meat for Peasants and Village-Dwellers Peasants rarely had much fresh meat of any kind. It was illegal to hunt in the lords forest without permission, so, in most cases, if they had game it would have been poached, and they had every reason to cook it and dispose of the remains the very same day it was killed. Some domestic animals such as cows and sheep were too large for everyday fare and were reserved for the feasts of special occasions like weddings, baptisms, and harvest celebrations. Chickens were ubiquitous, and most peasant families (and some city families) had them; but people would enjoy their meat only after their egg-laying days (or hen-chasing days) were over. Pigs were very popular, and could forage just about anywhere, and most peasant families had them. Still, they werent numerous enough to slaughter every week, so the most was made of their meat by turning it into long-lasting ham and bacon. Pork, which was popular in all levels of society, would be an unusual meal for peasants. Fish could be had from the sea, rivers and streams, if there were any nearby, but, as with hunting the forests, the lord could claim the right to fish a body of water on his lands as part of his demesne. Fresh fish was not often on the menu for the average peasant. A peasant family would usually subsist on pottage and porridge, made from grain, beans, root vegetables and pretty much anything else they could find that might taste good and provide sustenance, sometimes enhanced with a little bacon or ham. Meat in Religious Houses Most rules followed by monastic orders limited the consumption of meat or forbade it altogether, but there were exceptions. Sick monks or nuns were allowed meat to aid their recovery. The elderly were allowed meat the younger members were not, or were given greater rations. The abbot or abbess would serve meats to guests and partake, as well. Often, the entire monastery or convent would enjoy meat on feast days. And some houses allowed meat every day but Wednesday and Friday. Of course, fish was an entirely different matter, being the common substitute for meat on meatless days. How fresh the fish would be depended on whether or not the monastery had access to, and fishing rights in, any streams, rivers or lakes. Because monasteries or convents were mostly self-sufficient, the meat available to the brothers and sisters was usually pretty much the same as that served in a manor or castle, although the more common foodstuffs like chicken, beef, pork and mutton would be more likely than swan, peacock, venison or wild boar. Continued on Page Two: Meat in Towns and Cities Meat in Towns and Cities In towns and small cities, many families had enough land to support a little livestock usually a pig or some chickens, and sometimes a cow. The more crowded the city was, however, the less land there was for even the most modest forms of agriculture, and the more foodstuffs had to be imported. Fresh fish would be readily available in coastal regions and in towns by rivers and streams, but inland towns could not always enjoy fresh seafood and might have to settle for preserved fish. City dwellers usually purchased their meat from a butcher, often from a stall in a marketplace but sometimes in a well-established shop. If a housewife bought a rabbit or duck to roast or use in a stew, it was for that mid-day dinner or that evenings meal; if a cook procured beef or mutton for his cookshop or street vending business, his product wouldnt be expected to keep for more than a day. Butchers were wise to offer the freshest meats possible for the simple reason that theyd go out of business if they didnt. Vendors of pre-cooked fast food, which a large portion of city dwellers would frequent due to their lack of private kitchens, were also wise to use fresh meat, because if any of their customers got sick it wouldnt take long for word to spread. This is not to say there werent cases of shady butchers attempting to pass off older meat as fresh or underhanded vendors selling reheated pasties with older meat. Both occupations developed a reputation for dishonesty that has characterized modern views of medieval life for centuries. However, the worst problems were in crowded cities such as London and Paris, where crooks could more easily avoid detection or apprehension, and where corruption among city officials (not inherent, but more common than in smaller towns) made their escapes easier. In most medieval towns and cities, the selling of bad food was neither common nor acceptable. Butchers who sold (or tried to sell) old meat would face severe penalties, including fines and time in the pillory, if their deception was discovered. A fairly substantial number of laws were enacted concerning guidelines for proper management of meat, and in at least one case the butchers themselves drew up regulations of their own. Available Meat, Fish and Poultry Though pork and beef, chicken and goose, and cod and herring were among the most common and abundant types of meat, fowl and fish eaten in the Middle Ages, they were only a fraction of what was available. To find out the variety of meats medieval cooks had in their kitchens, visit these resources: Types of MeatTypes of FowlTypes of FishMedieval Food Preservation

Fashion in Pop Culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fashion in Pop Culture - Assignment Example The women also wore hip huggers; these were jeans that sat inches below the normal waistline. The jeans were known as dungarees and were usually amazingly tight. The ladies who sported them were fervent to decorate them with studs or embroidery. Some owners even bleached them to vary the color. Skirts and dresses in the ‘60s and ‘70s were in 3 lengths: the mini dress which barely reached the knee; the midi which reached between the ankle and the knee; and the maxi that reached the floor. All teenage girls wanted a mini dress like the one of Marcia Brady (Wertz 17).Young men admired the gleaming white 3-piece Saturday Night Fever suit of John Travolta (Classic70s). It looked fashionable as portrayed in the media. How Media Influenced Fashion in Pop Culture in the ‘80s There is no other fashion decade that has been more influenced by the media, particular movies, and TV than the 1980s. This decade was the MTV generation. Together with the twenty-four hour television broadcasting of music videos, TV shows including Bill Cosby Comedy Show, Miami Vice and Dynasty, and movies such as Pretty in Pink and Flashdance set the tone of fashion. This decade was also a period of decadence, and the mantra â€Å"the bigger, the better† that influenced hairstyles on a grand scale was prominent (Dziemianowicz). In conjunction with the above-mentioned influencers of the 1980s fashion, former Princess Diana’s love of fashion brought in a blood-thirst for designer clothing – Calvin Klein, Donna Karan, Perry Ellis and Nolan Miller became household names. Popular icons, such as Michael Jackson with his beaded glove, Madonna and Material Girl, were also major influencers. Image 7: Designer clothing such as Calvin Klein were well known in the ‘80s (Dziemianowicz). Image 8: Madonna and Princess Diana were major influencers of women and young girls globally in the ‘80s (Mazzulo). Glasses with plastic and large frames were very fashionable for both men and women during the decade. Image 9: Sylvester Stallone with ‘80s glasses that were in fashion (Hanckock) How Media Portrayed Fashion in Pop Culture in the ‘90s In the 1990s, fashion in pop culture started with a mix of preppie, grunge and hip hop. The media through the music industry, Hollywood, and television gr eatly influenced fashion in pop culture during this decade (Horton 23). The industry influences were so potent that ladies went for plastic surgeries for the Baywatch inspired boob job. Image 10: Trendy fashion in pop culture during the ‘90s (Wertz). Image 11: Mini dresses and skirts were popular among

The Lord of Flies, by William Golding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Lord of Flies, by William Golding - Essay Example Through this conflict between good and evil, and civilization and savagery the novel moves on from one step to other till it reaches the end. Lord of the Flies, being an allegorical novel, puts forward his main ideas and themes through symbols. Throughout the novel Golding uses his characters and objects symbolically. The conflict between civilization and savagery is handled by showing the conflict between his two main characters Ralph and Jack. In the novel, Ralph is a protagonist and is the symbol of governance and order. On the other hand, Jack is the Antagonist representing violence, savagery and has thirst of exercising power. In the novel, the writer shows the way people are influenced by these instincts of civilization and savagery to different levels. As for example Piggy is extremely peaceful and does not possess any instinct of savagery but on the other hand, Roger is unable to understand civilization and its rules. For Golding the instinct of savagery is more primitive and central in humans as compared to the instinct of civilization. Golding infers that if humans are left to make their own decisions, the behaviours of cruelty, savagery and violence is mostly shown by them. In the whole novel, the only character who shows natural and innate goodness is only Simon. In Ring of Gyges, Plato by narrating the story of Ring of Gyges raises the question that if one has no fear to be caught then why should one be moral? His character Glaucon through arguments shows that the person who is unfair is better-off as compared to the person who is fair. Apparently there does not appear any disproof of Gyge’s arguments. But on the other hand there are also strong reasons to believe that a person who is truly moral will behave morally in most of the circumstances and even if he is gifted the power of the ring. Philosophers since ages have been debating on the origin of human

Water Pump Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Water Pump - Lab Report Example The impeller was responsible for the accumulation of the pressure drop that led to the formation of the vapour bubbles, and the NPSH was greater than zero and was flow rate dependent. Water pumps are used in pumping of water from one point to another. This water can be pumped to residential areas or to farms in order to be used for irrigation. The most common the type of pump used is the centrifugal pump that utilizes the energy supplied by a motor in order to suck water through the impeller and then it discharges it through the exit. When doing so, the head is built in the pump in order to discharge the water to greater heights. This, which is build up, is due to the energy supplied by the motor. Here, H represents the pump head, is the head losses, which is attributed to the loss of energy in the walls of the pump, represents the pressure difference between the suction side and the discharge side andrepresents the velocities of the fluid at the suction and the discharge side of the pump. 1 1. To analyse the pump’s characteristic curves of the pump at varied constant speeds; the pump head; water horsepower; shaft horsepower; the pump efficiency; and the Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH). The system utilised in this experiment was an educational pump setup made by the Turbine Technologies. The flow rates were controlled by the pump speed, inlet valve setting, choice of impeller, and the outlet valve setting. The outlet and inlet valves also allowed the simulation of varied pressure conditions on the pump; this entailed the partially closing of the outlet valve creating similar effects to that of longer length or several turns of pipes on the pump outlet. The fluid reservoir was at lower elevation as compared to the pump; therefore, it meant that gravity could not feed the measured water into the pump, instead the sucked up the water, that is, also known as the negative pressure head. Since the suction

Donald Trumps Immigration Rhetoric

Donald Trumps Immigration Rhetoric Immigration has always been a controversial subject in the United States. As a new administration begins its four-year reign, many illegal immigrants are worried about their positions within the U.S. For centuries, immigrants have migrated to the U.S. in hopes of obtaining the â€Å"American Dream.† However, when Trump announced his intention to run for the presidency, the American Dream seemed to become inaccessible for many hopeful Mexican and Muslim immigrants. Trump’s campaign rhetoric hit home for many Americans, and his ideals made him a forerunner for the Republican party. His fear mongering resonated with what so many white, Midwestern and Southern Americans believe: illegal Mexican immigrants are coming into America to rape our women, murder us, and take away jobs from hardworking citizens and Muslim immigrants are coming here to create terror. This led him to propose the building of a wall between the U.S. and Mexican border. He also proposed a travel ban on p eople from six majority Muslim countries. These, he deemed were a safety measure. As Trump continuously utilized institutional racism to grow his popularity among U.S. voters, Mexican and Muslim immigrants’ fears heightened. His controversial election shocked the world, leading many world leaders to welcome immigrants into their countries with open arms. Justin Trudeau, Canada’s prime minister, especially pushed back against Trump’s proposed bills. Throughout this dark time in American politics, Canada has continuously led by example as to how immigrants should be treated. Recently, the Trump administration executed a mass-deportation of many illegal immigrants back to Mexico. With tensions already heightened between Mexico and the U.S., this angered the Mexican government. Throughout Trump’s campaign, he ignorantly stated that Mexico would be paying for a wall on the U.S.-Mexican border. However, Mexican President Enrique Peà ±a Nieto has continuously stated that Mexico would not pay for such an extravagant measure. Further, Mexican Foreign Minister Luis Videgaray has said that he will vigorously fight the deportations of undocumented immigrants back to Mexico, as well as refuse to accept any non-Mexicans sent across the border (Agren and Stanglin). Videgaray has also said that the treatment of Mexican migrants in the United States will top Mexico’s agenda when President Nieto meets with the U.S. Secretary of State and the Secretary of Homeland Security. This announcement came shortly after Trump’s administration unveiled its tou gh new guidelines for enforcing immigration laws (Agren and Stanglin). The Trump Administration’s new guidelines are an example of the bullying that was prevalent during his campaign, and that is continuing well into his presidency. The Mexican government has even suggested it will go to the United Nations to defend the rights of its migrants (Agren and Stanglin). Trump gained popularity because of his so-called tough-on-crime platform, however, he incessantly forces his political ideals on the world, straining U.S.-World relations. Mexico is an important ally, but Trump’s unfair proposals are further damaging an important relationship, as well as potentially hurting the American economy. Although the Department of Homeland Security has said the new directives focus on criminals and those who pose a threat to the U.S., they expand the authority of federal agents to deport most of the 11 million undocumented immigrants currently living in the United States (Agren and Stanglin). Mexican immigrants are not the only ones who Trump attacked on the campaign trail. He also proposed a ban on Muslims. The Muslim ban is an extremely offensive and racist directive, as it is like that of Adolf Hitler’s when he terrorized Germany’s Jewish community. The Muslim ban is yet another example of Trump’s use of ones’ identity to instill unnecessary hatred. Recently in the news, many immigrants from seven majority Muslim countries have been stopped at airports upon entering the U.S.   Many of these Muslims work for U.S. companies or are students, teachers, and people trying to visit their family members. On January 31st, 2017, Trump signed an executive order that indefinitely suspends admissions of Syrian refugees and limits the flow of other refugees in a process he has coined as â€Å"extreme vetting.† This executive order was a way to make good on one of his campaign promises to tighten border security and halt certain refugees from entering the U.S. According to CNN, the order bars all persons from certain terror-prone countries from entering the United States for 90 days and suspends the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program for 120 days until it is reinstated only for nationals of countries for whom members of Trumps Cabinet deem can be properly vetted. The countries impacted by this hurtful ban are Iran, Iraq, Syria, Sudan, Libya, Yemen and Somalia. His order also set out to cancel the Visa Interview Waiver Program, which once allowed repeat travelers to the United States to be able to forgo an in-person interview to renew their visa (Merica). Under the new order, these travelers will now have to have in-person interviews. Fortunately, Democrats across the country vigorously fought this unlawful ban. A Washington state federal judge issued a temporary nationwide restraining order which stopped President Trumps executive order banning citizens of seven countries from entering the United States (Seipel). The travel ban unfairly targets Muslims and violates the constitutional rights of immigrants and their families. Just like Mexican immigrants, Muslims have been targeted by Trump and racially profiled. After Trump was elected as the 45th President of the United States, Canada began to prepare itself for a surge in Mexican migrants. Canada reportedly lifted the visa requirement amid the uncertainty of Donald Trump’s promises to crack down on undocumented immigrants. Mexican visitors will now no longer need visas to enter Canada. This momentous move has Canada anticipating an influx in Mexican tourists and business travelers. The visa was enacted in 2009, by Canada’s previous Conservative government to address an increase in â€Å"bogus† refugee claims (The Guardian). This visa lift, instated right after Trump’s vows to expel millions of illegal immigrants, could cause a substantial increase in Mexican asylum seekers. According to The Guardian, between the years 2005 and 2008, refugee claims from Mexico nearly tripled. This made Mexico the number one source country for claims, with more than 9,400 claims filed by Mexicans in 2008. However, only 11% were accepted (The Guardian). The previously Conservative Canadian government embraced the visa as a means of border control. However, the Canadian government was pressured by Mexico to end the policy after the number of asylum seekers plummeted in 2015. Justin Trudeau, the current Canadian prime minister agreed to get rid of the visa in exchange for Mexico expanding its imports of Canadian beef (The Guardian). In an interview, Justin Trudeau stated that this move would make it easier for Canada’s Mexican friends to visit while helping grow Canada’s local economies and strengthen their communities. During the time the visa lift was announced, no one believed that Trump stood a real chance of winning the presidency against Hillary Clinton, the popular democratic candidate especially after his vows to build the wall along the shared border of the U.S. and Mexico.   Although Canada lifted the visa requirement for Mexican travelers without anticipating Trump’s presidency, it came at a time when Mexican migrants needed it the most. Canada has proven itself to be a leader and a friend in a difficult time for immigrants worldwide. An immigration lawyer in Toronto, Lorne Waldman, said that the lifting of the visa requirement is going to be a major factor attracting people to come to Canada. Anticipating an influx of migrants, Waldman compared it to the wave of Muslims that entered Canada after 9/11. As Muslims saw a significant crackdown on immigrants entering the U.S. from the Middle East, there was increase in the number of people who crossed the border from the U.S. into Canada at that time. Since day one of his campaign, Trump has used racist lingo. In his first speech, back in 2015, he labeled Mexican immigrants as rapists and criminals. He also went on to say that Mexico is not sending their best people, rather they’re sending people with lots of problems. He further stated that Mexican immigrants were bringing in drugs and bringing in crime. A few weeks later, he labeled Mexican immigrants as â€Å"killers.† Trump’s continuous use of hateful rhetoric is damaging. By labeling these people, he is instilling fear in the American people of a group of individuals, who for the most part, just want to create better lives for themselves. Trump even went so far as to say that the Mexican government was purposely sending us criminals because they don’t want to deal with them. By making false accusations, Trump is creating an unnecessary hatred of a group of people who are in the United States to obtain the American Dream that for over two hundred years, we have proudly represented as a core American value. By 2016, President Trump had made numerous racist remarks about people with Mexican heritage. He criticized a federal judge who presided over a fraud case against Trump University. He angrily suggested that the court ruling wouldn’t be fair because the jurist was Mexican. Curiel, an Indiana native, refused to dismiss the civil lawsuits Trump was facing. At many of his rallies, supporters chanted â€Å"build the wall,† a rallying cry of thinly vailed racism.   His hurtful rhetoric promotes racism. NPR published an article on Trump’s CPAC appearance. President Donald Trump made the claim that while he was speaking, immigration officers were out finding gang members, drug dealers and criminal aliens and throwing them out. Trump’s claims falsely create assumptions of the type of people coming the United States. As a third-generation American, I find these to be incredibly hurtful. My great grandparents fled from Nazi Germany to Colombia in hopes of a better life. From Colombia, they traveled to the United States. My great grandparents, just like so many other immigrants, came to the United States to follow the American Dream. The United States provides hope for so many people, and Trump has continuously made offensive statements that tarnish the American ideals. Canada’s prime minister Justin Trudeau weighed in on Trump’s controversial immigrant ban. He tweeted that Canada would welcome immigrants and refugees fleeing from persecution. He mentioned that diversity is where Canada’s strength lies. He also tweeted a #CanadianIsACanadian.† It is leaders like this who better the world. Trump has continuously bullied people and shamed them for their identity. He claims that refugees want to hurt Americans, however most of them just want to escape the war-torn countries they come from. Canada has also announced that they will continue to accept asylum seekers who are crossing the U.S.-Canada border. The number of refugees crossing the border into Canada has increased in recent weeks amid fears that President Trump will crack down on illegal immigrants. Trudeau told parliament that Canada remains an open country because Canadians trust their immigration system and the integrity of their borders and the help they provide for people looking for safety (Reuters). Immigration Minister Ahmed Hussen also said Canada would continue to honor the Canada-U.S. Safe Third Country Agreement (Reuters). This agreement requires Canada to turn back refugees if they make asylum claims at Canadian border crossings with the United States. However, Amnesty International and other groups are worried that the United States is not safe for refugees and are pressuring the Canadian government to abandon the agreement. The United States has always been considered the home of the free which is why it is such an attractive location for immigrants. Trump has made it okay for people to be openly racist. White nationalist groups across the country have voiced their support for his presidency and Trump has not denounced them. Steve Bannon, Trump’s chief strategist, is chairman of the alt-right website Breitbart News. Bannon’s ex-wife has accused him of being anti-Semitic. Bannon’s nomination was controversial as he is known to be racist. It is choices like these that make minorities feel unwelcome in the United States. Former president Barack Obama touted the United States as an accepting nation of people from all walks of life. He championed the U.S. as a provider of hope for immigrants worldwide, and as a country which allows immigrants to celebrate their heritage. Trump is leading America down a different path, a path that only celebrates white Americans, and leaves minorities flailing and feeling like they don’t belong. Recently a Kansas man shot and killed an Indian engineer, injured another and also an American. He reportedly yelled â€Å"get out of my country† and was making racial slurs prior to the incident. This is not the first time a racially-motivated act of violence has been perpetrated in recent months. When Trump began campaigning for his presidency, racist white Americans were reported to have committed hate crimes more than once. In some areas of the United States, Nazi propaganda has popped up, a seemingly common trend as Trump became president which has made immigrants, refugees, people of color, and the like uncomfortable. In fact, many people are starting to feel unsafe leaving their homes due to the horrific acts of violence that are taking place. Geana Javier, a columnist for the Daily Evergreen, recently wrote an article on hate speech abusing free speech rights. She acknowledged that we have reached a time where political divisiveness has attained extreme levels (Javier). It seems that since Donald Trump’s election, people have used the right to freedom of speech as a shield to protect hate speech.   As previously mentioned, Trump stated that Mexico is not sending the U.S. its â€Å"best people,† but instead rapists and drug dealers.   Geana Javier states that these comments target an entire ethnic group and paints them in a negative light. Through these sorts of statements, Trump has disguised his racist opinions as immigration policies. Trump is instilling fear in the American people of an entire ethnic group who, for the most part, are good people. Immigrants have not contributed any more to crime than was already happening in the United States. It is deeply distressing that intolerant social views are reflected in current political policy. Yahya Abu Romman, a 22-year-old language major, does not feel welcome in the United States. He is a Jordanian citizen, but Syrian born. Upon his college graduation, he planned a six-week trip to the United States to celebrate. He landed in O’Hare International Airport a few days after Trump’s travel ban was instated. It was there and then that the positive impression of the U.S. which his father had instilled in him evaporated (Arraf). Romman’s father was a graduate from the University of Illinois. He’d always told Abu that America is the land of justice, opportunity, generosity and kindness (Arraf). Upon landing at O’Hare, however, a border officer could not understand why Romman did not have a Syrian passport. Discussion ensued about his brother who had lived illegally in the U.S. and overstayed a visa before becoming a citizen (Arraf). Emails were found by the border guards on Romman’s phone to flight schools he’d applied to in the U.S. The officer was not convinced that he was not planning to stay in the U.S. after flight school. This led to Romman’s visa being cancelled. When he wanted to call the Embassy before signing the papers agreeing to being deported, he was threatened by the border officer and told that if he did not sign, he’d be banned from entering the U.S. ever again. Romman had visited the U.S. before and felt that the people were welcoming. At the present time, however, he feels that is not the case.   In his opinion, he is safer remaining in Jordan: America was an opportunity for people here before. But now, no one is actually thinking about the United States for a future place to live (Arraf). It is experiences like these that make many people wary of Americans. Trump has made it clear that if you are not white and a native-born American, you are not worthy of respect. A cinematographer was barred from entering the United States to attend the Oscars after his film was nominated for an academy award. The 21-year-old worked on the harrowing film of his home country’s civil war, The White Helmets, according to TIME Magazine. The Department of Homeland Security decided at the last minute to block Khaled Khateeb from traveling to Los Angeles for the Oscars (Katz). Because Khateeb was travelling from one of the Muslim majority countries which Trump had banned, he was barred entrance into the United States. This is just another example of how Trump is using immigration laws to promote his racist agenda. His ban affects many people from all over the world who have legitimate reasons for travelling to the United States. Khaled Almilaji is yet another victim of Trump’s controversial ban. He has been stranded in Turkey since January 2017. His wife, who is pregnant with their first child, patiently awaits his return to Rhode Island. A student at Brown University, Almilaji has worked feverishly to keep up with his classes from overseas. After a federal judge froze Trump’s ban, Almilaji had hope of returning to his wife. Unfortunately, his hopes were dashed as he realized the new reality for Syrians trying to study in the United States. Khaled Almilaji has said that now Canada is looking like a better option. Paul Davidson, the president of Universities Canada, has said they have seen an influx of applications from international students. The Universities Canada website, dedicated to providing information about schools in the country, has doubled in views since November (Students Turn to Canada in Trump Immigration Era). Canada’s most elite universities including McGill, McMaster and the University of Toronto saw large increases in applications from students in the United States. Rebekah Robinson, a senior at a predominantly white school in Maryland mentioned she was attracted to the University of Toronto because of the diversity of its student body (Students Turn to Canada in Trump Immigration Era). Robinson, who did not support Donald Trump in the recent presidential election, said that his nomination made Canada even more appealing. This is not an uncommon story in recent months. Typically, the flow of students has been greater from north of the border rather than south, however that it is changing as tensions in the United States continue to grow. Because of the recent changes in immigration policies in Canada, it is easier for international students to study there and stay upon graduation. When students were asked why they were interested in the University of Toronto, many reasons were cited, most notably that the University of Toronto is ranked among the top five public universities internationally and that it is a globally friendly college in a globally friendly country (Students Turn to Canada in Trump Immigration Era). Over the years, Canada has made attracting talent from around the world a focal point. The University of Toronto is no different, and proudly boasts that its doors are open to the world. The United States, however, is the opposite. Unlike Canada, the United States is now a dangerous place for many foreign nationals to be. President Donald Trump has continuously used demeaning terminology and racial slurs during his campaign and his presidency which has led many people of color to question their safety in a country which has for so long championed itself as the land of the free. Donald Trump’s hateful rhetoric makes it okay for people to be openly racist, and even worse, express it. Trump’s hate speech does not only affect Muslims and Mexicans.   Since the election, more than 1,000 hate crimes have been recorded. The Southern Poverty Law Center indicated that these numbers were normally expected over a six-month period. Further, there have been at least sixteen attacks on synagogues and other Jewish centers. Donald Trump, unfortunately, has kept relatively quiet about many of these anti-Semitic episodes. When reporters pressed him on it, Trump repeatedly stated that he was not racist, nor was he anti-Semitic. He even went so far as to say that any anti-Semitic behavior was the work of his political opponents (Memoli). There has been a surge in racist and anti-Semitic graffiti and vandalism since Trumps election, including the use of Nazi imagery. According to CNN, an astounding forty-eight Jewish Community Centers reported bomb threats in the month of January alone. Trump, who claims to love Jewish people, is under scrutiny for his lack of action and his indifference to these hate crimes perpetrated on the Jewish community. Trump’s Muslim ban is a prime example of his racist agenda and a measure that Canada has openly opposed. After Trump announced his plans to propose a ban, Justin Trudeau tweeted that Canada would be a welcoming place to all. Universities Canada has also expressed their support of internationals fleeing persecution, by welcoming students, faculty, and staff from around the world to its campuses. Unlike the United States, Canada proclaims that international immigrants bring new knowledge, talent, and skills to higher education, research, and innovation to the benefit of all Canadians (Students Turn to Canada in Trump Immigration Era). Some Canadian schools even offered to waive application fees for students who were affected by the order, and to consider transcripts of those hoping to complete academic work in Canada (Students Turn to Canada in Trump Immigration Era). Trump’s ban is an impediment to the free flow of people and ideas and the values of diversity and inclusion, which are of the utmost importance in a strong society. ATTN Video posted a video on Facebook which addressed how the economy would suffer without immigrants. According to ATTN Video, America would lose up to 70% of its farm workers, which would lead to skyrocketing food prices. Agricultural production could lose as much as sixty billion dollars. Job creation would also decrease as immigrants contribute to population growth which in turn increases the demand for workers. To say that the reason people don’t have jobs because of immigrants is untrue and ignorant. Without immigrants, social security would take a serious hit because not enough taxes would be paid in. In 2010, undocumented workers alone contributed 13 billion dollars to the fund. Experts say that increasing immigration could actually save social security. Instead of helping â€Å"make America great again,† Trump’s views and policies on immigration which are not based in fact, not only promote racism, but hurt the economy and ruin relations between the U.S. and other countries. Canada has said it will allow 300,000 immigrants to enter the country in 2017. Although this target is unchanged from that of 2016’s plan, it is well above the average number of immigrants who were admitted from 2011 to 2015. John McCallum, Canada’s Minister of Immigration, has said that making 300,000 the permanent target will lead to economic growth. Canada, which has an aging population and needs a younger population to boost its economy, is hoping that robust immigration will help address this problem.   And, over the next five years, Canada is hoping to increase the number of immigrants they accept to 450,000. Donald Trump wants to impose laws against immigrants which will be detrimental to the United States’ economic growth. The United States is a nation full of immigrants. Without these hardworking individuals, the economy will suffer. Immigrants start businesses and are thirty percent more likely to do so than people who are non-immigrants.   In fact, immigrants comprise eighteen percent of all small business owners in the United States today. Immigrant-owned businesses also create jobs for American citizens. The Fiscal Policy Institute did a study in 2007 on businesses owned by immigrants and found that 4.7 million people are employed by immigrants who own businesses. Not only do immigrants create jobs for millions of Americans, they are also more likely to create jobs for other immigrants. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, 7.5 percent of the foreign born are self-employed compared to 6.6 percent among the native-born (Furman and Gray). Immigrants are an important part of the American economy. They offer innovative thinking, which in turn helps the United States develop cutting-edge technology. Donald Trump would like the American people to believe that we do not need immigrants and has continuously promoted the idea that immigrants are dangerous to the United States and to its people. He would like people to believe that Mexican immigrants are drug dealers, murderers, rapists and other criminals and that Muslim ones are more likely to be terrorists than non-Muslim American citizens. Fortunately, not all Americans hold the same beliefs as our current President.   At least thirty-seven cities across the United States have indicated that they will not comply with Trump’s aggressive immigration policies. These cities, known as â€Å"sanctuary cities,† tend to be located in some of the more liberal areas of the United States. Cities including San Francisco, Portland, Seattle, and New York have stood in defiance against the new President of the United States. In retaliation, President Trump has stated that he will cancel federal funding directed to these cities, which may limit this act of federal disobedience. Donald Trump has made good on many of his promises regarding immigration through the many executive orders he has issued. These radical actions against immigration have made many feel less secure, and in some cases, downright terrorized. Trump has signed two executive orders that direct the Department of Homeland Security to start building the wall along the border with Mexico. This promise was a cornerstone of his campaign. Many are concerned that it will ramp up the repression of the undocumented and anyone who is suspected of being undocumented to a whole new level. His travel ban, another executive order Trump hoped to pass, targeted Muslims and singled them out as being more likely to commit terrorist acts and therefore, they must all be kept out. This ignorant belief highlights the fact that racism is still prevalent in the United States. It is astounding that a nation which is so diverse, voted for a man like Donald Trump. The hate and ignorance at the core of his political agenda, which is directed at some of the most vulnerable groups of people in the United States and the world, is clear. Among the provisions within Trump’s executive orders for his so-called wall is the instruction to detain every single undocumented immigrant. This also includes families with children who have been captured by the Border Patrol and who are held in a facility. His executive order would get rid of agents’ discretion to detain and release people under the condition that they appear for an asylum interview or court date (Katch). This means that detainees will have a much harder time obtaining legal representation and gathering evidence and witnesses to make their cases in court. Trump also gave the Border Patrol the ability to deport detainees who are waiting for their court dates. Another one of his executive orders will revive a program that was shelved by the Obama administration. This Secure Communities program allows for people who are processed in local jails to be checked against immigration databases. If any matches turn up, ICE is able to ask local law enforcement to hand over their prisoners for deportation (Katch). Both these orders tighten regulations on border crossing and immigrants. Most of the people migrating from Mexico to the United States do so to escape the hardships they face living in Mexico.   Their goal is to earn money to send home. Trump’s initiatives are yet another example of his distaste for immigrants. The fear immigrants harbor is well-founded. Trump has openly made hateful forms of Islamophobia and xenophobia central to his message from the beginning, and even though the campaign has ended, he has yet to back down. His racial rhetoric was made as an attempt to appeal to middle-class and working-class white Americans who harbor resentment towards a perceived â€Å"rigged system† which Trump has claimed numerous times benefits not only the rich, but the â€Å"line-jumping† immigrants who take jobs ahead of those who were born in the United States (Katch). He has maintained that these U.S. born Americans â€Å"played by the rules.† Throughout his campaign and presidency, Donald Trump has used hate speech and racist rhetoric to paint hard-working immigrants in a negative light.   He has continuously spoken negatively about minorities who are the backbone of the United States.   Our country, which has always prided itself on being the land of the free, is suddenly not so. The United States is now an unsafe place for people of color to settle. Donald Trump has employed well-known racists in his cabinet, and has yet to address the racially-motivated hate crimes that are occurring nationwide.   As a result, people have come to believe that under his presidency, hatred and racism is allowed. For years, people have flocked to the United States in hopes of attaining the American Dream. With Donald Trump as president, fewer people feel comfortable settling here. He has used racial slurs to tarnish the identity of millions of people and has made an effort to demonize them. Throughout this dark time in the United States, Canada has lead with the utmost grace. Canada has welcomed thousands of people into their country, and has let the world know that diversity is welcomed and wanted. Unlike Donald Trump, who seems to be advocating for a white America, Canada has graciously accepted immigrants and treated them with respect. The current president has lost sight of what it truly means to be an American. The United States, once a place where anyone could pursue their dreams, is now a place where many people are unsure of their future. In this dark time in American politics, Canada has led by example of how immigrants should be treated. Donald Trump and the American people could stand to learn a thing or two from our neighbors in Canada. Works Cited Canada PM: Will Not Halt Illegal Border Crossing Despite Opposition. Reuters. World News.,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   21 Feb. 2017. Web. 23 Feb. 2017. Edelman, Adam. A Look at Trump’s Most Outrageous Comments About Mexicans As He   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Attempts Damage Control by Visiting With Country’s President. New York Daily News.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   News, 31 Aug. 2016. Web. 23 Feb. 2017. Agren, David, and Doug Stanglin. Mexico Says No to Trumps New Deportation Rules. USA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today. USA Today, 22 Feb. 2017. Web. 23 Feb. 2017. Merica, Dan. Trump Signs Executive Order to Keep Out Radical Islamic Terrorists' CNN.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   CNN Politics, 30 Jan. 2017. Web. 23 Feb. 2017. Jarrett, Laura, Rene Marsh, and Laura Koran. Homeland Security Suspends Travel Ban. CNN.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   CNN Daily, 4 Feb. 2017. Web. 25 Feb. 2017. Seipel, Brooke. Bush-appointed Judge Halts Trump Travel Ban Nationwide. The Hill. The  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hill, 3 Feb. 2017. Web. 25 Feb. 2017. Taylor, Jessica. President Trump At CPAC: The Era of Empty Talk Is Over' NPR. NPR  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Politics & Policy, 24 Feb. 2017. Web. 25 Feb. 2017. Butler, Karen. Justin Trudeau to Immigrants, Refugees: Canadians Will Welcome You,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Regardless of Your Faith' UPI. World News, 29 Jan. 2017. Web. 1 Mar. 2017. Storey, Kate. Who Is Steve Bannon? 17 Things to Know About Donald Trumps Chief   Ã‚   Strategist. Cosmopolitan. Cosmopolitan, 14 Mar. 2017. Web. 16 Mar. 2017. Chapel, Bill. Kansas Man Arrested In Shooting That Reportedly Targeted Foreigners. NPR.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   NPR Politics & Policy, 24 Feb. 2017. Web. 16 Mar. 2017. Javier, Geana. Hate Speech Abuses Free Speech Rights. The Daily Evergreen. The Daily  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Evergreen, 23 Feb. 2017. Web. 17 Mar. 2017. Arraf, Jane. Deported With A Valid U.S. Visa, Jordanian Says Message Is Youre Not  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Welcome' NPR. NPR Politics & Policy, 24 Feb. 2017. Web. 20 Mar. 2017. Katz, Andrew. The White Helmets. Time Magazine. Time, 25 Feb. 2017. Web. 20 Mar. 2017. Students Turn to Canada in Trump Immigration Era. The Times-Picayune. The Washington   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Post, 28 Mar. 2017. Web. 29 Mar. 2017. McIntyre, Niamh. 11 Things That Have Happened Since Donald Trump Was Elected. The  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Independent. World, 20 Jan. 2017. Web. 29 Mar. 2017. Memoli, Michael A. Trumps Silence on a Documented Rise in Episodes of Anti-Semitism is   Ã‚  Ã‚   Mind-boggling, Group Says. The Los Angeles Times. The Los Angeles Times, 16 Feb.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2017. Web. 29 Mar. 2017. Katch, Danny. Trumps Executive Hate Crimes. Socialist Worker. Socialist Worker, 26 Jan. 2017. Web. 31 Mar. 2017. Canada to Let 300,000 Immigrants Enter Country in 2017. The Guardian. The Guardian, 31  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oct. 2016. Web. 31 Mar. 2017. Furman, Jason, and Danielle Gray. Ten Ways Immigrants Help Build and Strengthen Our  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Economy. The White House President Barack Obama. The White House President   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Barack Obama, 12 July 2012. Web. 31 Mar. 2017.

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and An Ode Popular Superstitions o

Comparing Unification in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and An Ode on the Popular Superstitions of the Highlands of Scotland  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Mary Wollstonecraft seeks to abolish repressive, orthodox conventions. She endeavors to abate manners that lacerate our society, that elevate man above woman, that prohibit equal exchange between the sexes. This unequal system of gender roles forms the basis of her argument. Wollstonecraft claims that civilization will not progress while half its population is subjugated. Arguing that progress in sexual commerce will balance the scales, she seeks simplicity in society through equality between man and woman. Through equal education, rejection of traditional expectations, but most importantly a dismissal of complex, debilitating emotions like love and passion, the sexes will overlap, becoming one, becoming unisexual. This simplification, this unisexuality, will clear the smoke between men and women, allowing them to return to a basis of reason upon which to build a better society. Wollstonecraft sees this unisexuality as the savior of human kind . In An Ode on the Popular Superstitions of the Highlands of Scotland, Considered as the Subject of Poetry, William Collins seeks to abolish cultural stereotypes rending Scottish and English societies. Collins realizes that if unabated, the rising 18th century commercial torrent will consume Scotland. This flood will leave the north hopelessly backward, unable to unite with the southern commonwealth. The growing cultural and economic gap between north and south will leave England ripe for conflict. Collins also realizes that the British Empire can never be a great power unless these two warring factions u... ...al level simplifies the conflict between the sexes because it eliminates the messy emotional biases attached to this conflict. Returning Scot and Brit to their ancient Celtic past simplifies the conflict between their nations because it eliminates messy emotional biases attached to this impasse as well. Both Wollstonecraft and Collins seek harmony through reason; both seek unity through precision, both succeed because simplicity speaks to everyone, Brit, Scot, man or woman. Works Cited Collins, William. "An Ode on the Popular Superstitions of the Highlands of Scotland,Considered as the Subject of Poetry." Online. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 3034: Texts and Contexts: Restoration and Eighteenth Century Literature. Oct. 1998. Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Ed. Carol H. Poston. New York: Norton, 1988.